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          The original inhabitants of Agusan Province were the forefathers of the Present-Day Mamanuas who were driven away to the remote areas because of the intrusion of Malay immigrants coming from nearby Borneo, Celebes and Malaysia.

           The discovery of a Golden Tara, an eight-inch tall image of a woman in pure gold at Maasin, Esperanza, in the early 1920's and a Molten Jar unearthed at Bahbah, Prosperidad in the early 1960's, marks the Agusan's Pre-Hispanic Cultural History which was greatly influenced by the Madjapahit Empire of India. The icon, a 21-karat gold figurine, is presently kept at the Gem Room of the Chicago Field Museum of National History, Chicago, USA. This Buddhist image, of the Sailendra Period during the Sri-Vijaya History (900-950 AD), is the earliest known image of Indian origin, depicting early Hindu-Philippine relations.
           Through the years, the province has become a melting pot of peace-loving people, from various regions in the country, all lured into this Land of Golden Opportunities.
           The predominant inhabitants are Cebuano speaking, with Roman Catholicism as the main religion. Festivals, showcasing the tribal heritage are held every year in every municipality of the province.